Table 1 List of symbols

D

Inside diameter (m)

κ

Thermal conductivity [W/(K m)]

T

Temperature (K)

ρ

Density (kg/m³)

μ

Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)

P

Mean average gas pressure (Pa)

V _S

Swept volume - expansion space (m³)

F

Engine cycle frequency (Hz)

V

Nominal Displacement (m³)

W _o

Power output of the engine (W)

f

Friction factor

$ṁ$

Mass flow (kg/s)

Nu

Nusselt number

Pr

Prandtl number

Re

Reynolds number

N _S

Entropy generation number

${Ṡ}_{\mathsf{\text{gen}}}^{\prime }$

Entropy generation per unit length [W/(K m)]

B ₀

Fluid flow duty parameter

V _E

Volume of expansion (m³)

V _C

Volume of compression (m³)