Energy, Sustainability and Society

Table 1 The calculation of the apparent viscosity η_Sand the shear rate $γ ˙$ [17],[18]

From: Floating layer formation, foaming, and microbial community structure change in full-scale biogas plant due to disruption of mixing and substrate overloading

Measuring system	Equation	Constant
Double gab measuring system	$τ = 1 + δ 2 (δ 2 · R 32 + R 22) · M 4000 · πL C L$	C_L = 1.10
		δ = 1.0245
		R_MKi = 20.25 mm
	$γ ˙ = ω · 1 + δ 2 δ 2 - 1$	R_MKi = 20.25 mm
		R_MKa = 21.00 mm
		L = 78.7 mm
Cylinder measuring system	$τ = 1 + δ 2 2000 · δ 2 · M 2 π L · R i 2 · C L$	C_L = 1.10
	$τ = 1 + δ 2 2000 · δ 2 · M 2 π L · R i 2 · C L$	δ = 1.0848
	$γ ˙ = ω · 1 + δ 2 δ 2 - 1$	R_MKi = 13.33
	$γ ˙ = ω · 1 + δ 2 δ 2 - 1$	L = 40.003 mm
Ball measuring cell	τ = C_ss·M	$C SS = 15.0 Pa mNm$
	τ = C_ss·M	$C SR = 0.427 min s$
	$γ ˙ = C SR · n$	$C SR = 0.427 min s$
	$γ ˙ = C SR · n$	d_K= 12.0 mm
Paddle mixer [17]	$Ne = P p · n 3 · d 5 = C lam Re C turb$	C_MO = 10.94
		C_lam = 189.6
		C_turb = 9.4
	$γ ˙ = C MO · n$	C_turb = 9.4
		d_R= 30 mm
		d_B= 143 mm
Pipe viscosimeter [18]	$τ w = d · △ p 4 · L$	L_pipe = 2,500 mm
	$τ w = d · △ p 4 · L$	d_pipe = 43.2
	$dw dr w = 3 n' + 1 4 n' · 8 · w m d$
	$n' = dln d · △ p 4 · L dln 8 · w m d$

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