Table 2 Policy arrangement of the RE policy subsystem
| Â | The Netherlands | Germany | Denmark |
|---|---|---|---|
Actors | Department of Economic Affairs, large (fossil fuel) market parties have strong influence, little decentralization | Ministry of Economy and Technology, involvement of Chancellor, large (nuclear/fossil fuel) market parties have moderate influence, public opinion strongly pro-RE, moderate decentralization | Department of Energy and Climate, large (pro-RE) market parties have little influence, large decentralization |
Rules | Goal of 14% by 2020, no FIT but various subsidies, rules mostly regulatory | Goal of 35% by 2020 and phase out of nuclear power plants | Goal of 100% by 2050, rules both constraining and enabling, FITs present |
Rules mostly enabling, FITs present | |||
Resources | Moderate government spending | Large spending on goals Energiewende | Large spending on long-term goals |
Discourse | Economical (short term), energy security, competitive position, profitability of RE | Economical (long-term) | Mixed environmental and economical |
Ideal type arrangement | Market oriented | State oriented | State oriented |