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Table 2 Structure of public participation methods in urban planning and design

From: Development of methods and practices of virtual reality as a tool for participatory urban planning: a case study of Vilnius City as an example for improving environmental, social and energy sustainability

Method

Passive

Active

Interactive

Preparatory

Data collection

Field study, Interviews

Internet, websites

Analytic

Case study analysis, survey

Working groups

Policy dialogue

Disseminative

Printed material

Presentation, visualisation

Open space technology, gaming and multiplayer

Monitoring

Observation

Committees, meetings, test audit

E-government, virtual urban simulation