From: Regional economic effects of renewable energies - comparing Germany and Japan
Regional value-added (RVA)* | Solar | Wind | Hydro | Biomass | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
150 kW (roof) | 1,000 kW (ground) | 2,000 kW (onshore) | 200 kW | 5,000 kW (wood) | |||||||||||
Germany | Japan | JP/GER | Germany | Japan | JP/GER | Germany | Japan | JP/GER | Germany | Japan | JP/GER | Germany | Japan | JP/GER | |
At planning/construction stage (JPY/kW) | 27,066 | 14,307 | 20,595 | 18,013 | 11,194 | 18,089 | 124,981 | 136,639 | 18,532 | 33,693 | |||||
RVA as percent of indirect investment cost | 22.0% | 13.1% | −8.9% | 22.4.% | 13.4% | −9.0% | 23.7% | 13.8% | −9.9% | 43.9 | 13.8% | −30.1% | 26.6% | 17.6% | −9.0% |
of which: business profits after tax | 20.4% | 6.6% | −13.8% | 20.0% | 6.7% | −13.3% | 18.6% | 6.9% | −11.7% | 61.0% | 6.9% | −54.1% | 42.1% | 7.1% | −35.0% |
of which: personal income after tax | 72.7% | 87.7% | 15.0% | 73.1% | 87.5% | 14.4% | 74.8% | 87.4% | 12.6% | 36.1% | 87.4% | 51.3% | 52.2% | 80.3% | 28.2% |
of which: regional tax income | 6.9% | 5.7% | −1.2% | 6.8% | 5.8% | −1.0% | 6.8% | 5.8% | −1.0% | 2.8% | 5.8% | 3.0% | 5.8% | 12.5% | 6.8% |
At system operation stage (JPY/kW) | 9,926 | 12,614 | 11,917 | 10,616 | 6,963 | 9,396 | 24,873 | 56,808 | 33,639 | 42,004 | |||||
RVA as percent revenue from system operation | 25.8% | 30.0% | 4.2% | 33.4% | 28.1% | −5.3% | 26.8% | 24.4% | −2.4% | 27.6% | 31.9% | 4.3% | 24.6% | 20.8% | −3.8% |
of which: business profits after tax | 70.0% | 47.1% | −22.9% | 73.9% | 46.7% | −27.2% | 74.2% | 46.2% | −28.0% | 62.2% | 50.3% | −11.9% | 51.8% | 27.6% | −24.2% |
of which: personal income after tax | 15.2% | 32.3% | 17.1% | 12.3% | 31.0% | 18.7% | 13.1% | 28.5% | 15.4% | 22.5% | 30.8% | 8.3% | 37.1% | 61.8% | 24.7% |
of which: regional tax income | 14.8% | 20.5% | 5.7% | 13.8% | 22.3% | 8.5% | 12.7% | 25.2% | 12.5% | 15.3% | 18.9% | 3.6% | 11.1% | 10.6% | −0.5% |