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Table 5 The result of Granger causality test

From: Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and eco-friendly environment (R-E5) in Nigeria

Variable direction of Granger causality

Short run

Long run

Likelihood ratio (LR) statistics

t-statistics

 

∑ΔInCO2t-i

∑ΔInFUE t-i

∑ΔInGDP t-i

∑ΔInPOP t-i

∑ΔInREN t-i

ECT(−1)

ΔInCO2t

4.4702* [0.0222

0.3639 [0.6989]

2.89808*** [0.0535]

2.8390*** [0.0791]

−0.7443* [−10.5207]

ΔInFUE t

7.6757* [0.0028]

0.0824 [0.9211]

0.6432 [0.5348]

2.2842** [0.1245]

−0.5768** [−2.4900]

ΔInGDP t

0.3687 [0.6956

0.5684 [0.5739]

0.3230 [0.7272]

3.2007 [0.0594]

−0.3729** [−2.8000]

ΔInPOP t

0.3953 [0.6779]

2.1530** [0.1390]

0.0986 [0.9065]

0.1700 [0.8446]

−0.2214** [−2.1800]

ΔInREN t

0.3878 [0.6829

1.5640 [0.2307]

2.1906** [0.1364]

0.6250 [0.5441]

−0.5294** [−2.2300]

  1. Numbers in square brackets ([]) indicate the order of diagnostic tests
  2. *Significance at 1 % level; **significance at 5 % level; ***significance at 10 % level