From: Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and eco-friendly environment (R-E5) in Nigeria
Variable direction of Granger causality | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short run | Long run | |||||
Likelihood ratio (LR) statistics | t-statistics | |||||
∑ΔInCO2t-i | ∑ΔInFUE t-i | ∑ΔInGDP t-i | ∑ΔInPOP t-i | ∑ΔInREN t-i | ECT(−1) | |
ΔInCO2t | – | 4.4702* [0.0222 | 0.3639 [0.6989] | 2.89808*** [0.0535] | 2.8390*** [0.0791] | −0.7443* [−10.5207] |
ΔInFUE t | 7.6757* [0.0028] | – | 0.0824 [0.9211] | 0.6432 [0.5348] | 2.2842** [0.1245] | −0.5768** [−2.4900] |
ΔInGDP t | 0.3687 [0.6956 | 0.5684 [0.5739] | – | 0.3230 [0.7272] | 3.2007 [0.0594] | −0.3729** [−2.8000] |
ΔInPOP t | 0.3953 [0.6779] | 2.1530** [0.1390] | 0.0986 [0.9065] | – | 0.1700 [0.8446] | −0.2214** [−2.1800] |
ΔInREN t | 0.3878 [0.6829 | 1.5640 [0.2307] | 2.1906** [0.1364] | 0.6250 [0.5441] | – | −0.5294** [−2.2300] |