Table 2 Cases of ‘accumulation by dispossession’ connected with the 2000–2010 expansion of the palm oil frontier in Colombia
Case (Region in the palm oil geography) | Form of ‘accumulation by dispossession’ | Previous displacement of local population | Sources | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occupation of land left by displaced people | Oil palm cultivation in connection with displacement operated by illegal armed groups | Actual or attempted occupation of lands under contested ownership rights | Occupation of public lands | Land use change | Land concentration | |||
1. Forced displacement and oil palm cultivation in the Jiguamiandó and Curvaradó rivers basins. Municipality of Carmen del Darién-Chocó. (North Region) | ✓ | ✓ 1998 | Interview with officer from the Ombudsman Office during fieldwork in 2010. | |||||
2. Forced displacement and oil palm cultivation in the areas of Monterrey and San Blas. Municipality of Simití- Bolívar. (Central Region) | ✓ | ✓ 1998 | ||||||
3. Las Pavas estate. Municipality of El Peñón-Bolívar. (Central Region) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 2003 | [104,105,106]. Interview with the PDPMM’s coordinator of the land protection project during fieldwork in 2010. | |||
4. 1500 hectare of the Bellacruz estate. Municipality of La Gloria-Cesar. (Central Region) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 1996-2005 | ||||
5. Plots in the middle of palm oil plantations used by peasants for small-scale subsistence farming. Municipality of San Alberto-Cesar. (Central Region) | ✓ | No | [110] Interviews and group meetings during fieldwork in 2011. | |||||
6. Massive establishment of oil palm by different actors in the Municipality of Simití-Bolívar. (Central Region) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 1998-2006 | [68] | ||||
7. Oil palm oil cultivation in Afro-Colombian collective territories of Alto Mira and Frontera Municipality of Tumaco-Nariño. (South-west Region) | ✓ | No | Interview with officer from the Ombudsman Office during fieldwork in 2010. | |||||
8. Massive establishment of oil palm. Municipality of Zona Bananera–Magdalena. (North region) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [67] | ||||
9. Guapi Abajo palm oil project. Municipalty of Guapi-Cauca. (South-west Region) | ✓ | No | ||||||
10. El Agrado1,2,3 estates. Municipality of Mapiripán–Meta (East Region) | ✓ | ✓ 1997-2006 | [113] | |||||
11. El Secreto1,2,3 estates.Municipality of Mapiripán Meta (East Region) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 1997-2006 | |||||
12. Las Palmeras estate. Municipality of San Juan de Arama-Meta (East Region) | ✓ | ✓ 2000-2006 | ||||||
13 Poligrow palm oil project. Municipality of Mapiripán-Meta (East Region) | ✓ | ✓ 1997-2006 | ||||||
14. Bioagroindustrial de Colombia Ltda. Tibu-Norte de Santander(Central Region) | ✓ | ✓ 1998-2006 | ||||||
15. Inversiones Palma Oriente. Tibu-Norte de Santander (Central Region) | ✓ | ✓ 1998-2006 | ||||||
16. Ecopalma s.a.s Tibu-Norte de Santander (Central Region) | ✓ | ✓ 1998-2006 | ||||||