Table 10 Findings concerning the energy system configuration

F1

Focus on the energy system stages of energy conversion and end-use; minor importance of other stages.

A nuanced understanding of climate and serious energy transition efforts in the conversion and end-use stages could be observed. Regarding energy consumption, the MCAPs referred to all relevant sectors considered in the federal energy balance, and the corresponding technologies.

Figure 1:6, 25; 1, 11, 15, 21, 22

F2

High relevance of renewable energy power plants.

Figure 1:5, 10

Figure 3: x14y1-18

F3

The majority of relevant end-use sectors were addressed, i.e., households, economy, mobility, and local administration. A broad range of end-use technologies were considered, e.g., cars, bikes, heating and insulation of buildings, or electric appliances.

Figure 1: 49, 51, 53, 43, 42; 30, 27, 36, 38, 40

F4

No local actor was clearly linked with electricity distribution except parts of the economic sector.

Electricity distribution was a missing topic, although being a prerequisite for technologies that have been addressed, i.e., renewable energies and e-mobility. Hence, additional planning steps will be required in the future.

Figure 1: 12; 10, 31

Figure 2: x6y9

F5

In the heating and cooling sector, measures often addressed the building sector in connection with households, but less often to aspects of district heating. The latter was not clearly linked to residential areas.

Transition activities in the heating sector, which appeared to be close to implementation, could clearly be identified with a focus on the residential sector. Burning natural gas in individual heating installations was the preferred heating option. There were only a few approaches of combined heat and power production tended towards centralized rather than decentralized solutions.

Figure 1: 36, 38; 7

Figure 2: x17y29; x16/17y5

F6

Stakeholder of the construction sector were already considered or involved in MCAPs for implementation of measures in the heating sector.

Figure 2: x10y18/27/29, 17y35

F7

Gas supply contracts were the most advertised type of contracts.

Figure 2: x1y13

F8

Alternative urban mobility modes received higher attention than individualized motorized mobility modes, of which e-mobility received the highest attention. The fuel options hydrogen or biofuels were not addressed.

In the mobility sector, planning options to support alternative modes of mobility were considered. However, this sector was not fully integrated into local climate action and the transitions activities require more coordination and collaboration.

Figure 1: 27, 33, 29, 30, 31; 28, 32

F9

Common urban mobility modes were weakly linked with categories representing local actors.

Figure 2: y20-24x3/4/7/10/11/16/17; x12y33

F10

Several subsectors related to the local administration were weakly addressed, i.e., the education sector and the sectors concerning water supply or the disposal of waste or wastewater.

Efforts of various private but also public actors could be strengthened. The education sector could improve its multiplying function. Economy, supply, and disposal sectors might strengthen their climate action efforts.

Figure 1: 45, 46, 47

Figure 2: education not on x axis

F11

The industrial sector was weakly addressed.

Figure 1: 54, 55