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Table 10 Comparison between microwave-assisted and electrical heating [99, 108]

From: Microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass––a contribution to power Africa

Microwave-assisted heating

Electrical heating

Conversion of energy

Transfer of energy

In-core volumetric and uniform heating at molecular level

Superficial heating via conduction, convection, and radiation

Hot spot

No hot spot

Rapid

Slow

Higher electricity conversion efficiency

Lower electricity conversion efficiency

Selective

Non-selective

Dependent on material’s properties

Less dependent

Precise and controlled heating

Less controllable

Lower thermal inertia and faster response

Higher thermal inertia and slower response