Table 2 Mixed effect models for the energy efficiency of well-being

Elected executive

− 7.183

316.627

0.982

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Elected legislature

–

–

–

− 18.432

332.570

0.956

–

–

–

–

–

–

Political competition

–

–

–

–

–

–

232.143

371.941

0.533

–

–

–

Full

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

50.561

196.812

0.797

Military expenditures (% of GDP)

89.077

77.109

0.248

130.058

144.170

0.367

101.574

68.497

0.138

38.716

50.477

0.443

Exports (% of GDP)

− 0.970

5.412

0.858

3.725

9.752

0.703

− 6.415

5.399

0.235

− 3.989

4.843

0.410

Renewable energy consumption (% total)

4.511

25.885

0.862

59.118

71.617

0.409

− 4.086

25.514

0.873

− 12.108

12.201

0.321

GDP per capita (log)

− 17,803.370

3009.469

0.000

− 21,356.130

3799.184

0.000

− 17,509.030

2707.017

0.000

− 19,590.870

2415.219

0.000

GDP per capital squared (log)

998.197

178.945

0.000

1176.236

239.567

0.000

960.270

152.206

0.000

1121.018

138.468

0.000

Urban population (% total)

55.449

37.271

0.137

89.301

52.247

0.087

− 12.065

54.849

0.826

31.470

23.430

0.179

Constant

Std dev. (constant)