Categories | Sub-categories | Problem | Vision |
---|---|---|---|
Energy planning | Interconnection with national development plan | No interconnection with the national sustainability plan | The national plan sets the principles and values of the energy system |
Planning horizon | Short/middle political terms planning | Long-term multi-stakeholder visions | |
Planning goal | Only focus on electricity/short term: 90% hydropower in 2017 | Zero fossil fuels in 2040 | |
Regional integration approach | National sovereignty: protectionism/competition with neighbour countries | Regional sovereignty: renewable energy resources complementarity among countries | |
Enabling environments | Financial mechanisms | Only public investments with international Chinese loans and multilateral credits are directed to centralised extractive projects | Private–public partnerships (PPP) attracting international direct investment |
Knowledge production and transfer | Lack of processes of knowledge transfer, production, research and development | Existence of sectoral knowledge production loops. Cooperation between academia, state and industry via knowledge platforms | |
Capacity building | Lack of capacities for system transformation | Existence of sectoral learning loops. Cooperation between academia, state and industry via knowledge platforms | |
Technology and infrastructure | Technological diversification in the supply | Low: large hydro-thermal | High: small and middle size poly-technological (mainly: hydro-solar + (biomass/waste/wind)) |
Energy conversion | Promotion of fossil fuel-based refineries and fossil fuel-based infrastructure | Bio-refineries and renewable power plants are in operation | |
Demand/consumption | Fossil fuel-based technology use | Electrification of the final uses | |
Regulatory frameworks | Ownership of the infrastructure | State-owned | Private–public partnerships |
Supply subsidies/incentives | Fossil fuel subsidies and traditional electricity subsidies | Transparent/fair competition between technologies | |
Demand subsidies/incentives | Incentives for the use of fossil fuels | Incentives for the use of efficient electricity-based technologies | |
Market access | No regulations that incentivize the participation of private sector in the supply of renewable energy | Regulations incentivize the participation of private sector in the supply of renewable energy via feed-n tariffs (FITs) and auctions | |
Institutional framework | Degree of centralization in decision making | Centralised and top-down | Decentralised and centralised: bottom-up, middle-out and top-down |
Market structure | Mono/oligopolies | Multi-SMEs | |
Cross-sectoral integration | Disconnection of sectoral agendas | Mutually consistent and reinforcing policy mixes | |
Institutional networks structure | Formal sectoral networks with disconnected agendas | Informal and formal cross-sectoral networks interacting | |
Governance type | Authoritarian, state-driven technocratic governance type | Participatory and reflexive dynamic among societal sectors; polycentric | |
Civil society role | Civil society unable to participate in the decision-making processes of the energy sector | Civil society is supporting decision-making, promoting dialogue, production of knowledge and integrating new perspectives | |
Cultural change | Education | No nation-wide environmental education programs for the different levels of education | Society is well educated about environment and sustainability through formal programs for all levels of education |
Mindset change | Neither information nor knowledge is regularly disseminated about the changes needed in the energy system. | Long-term communication campaigns are disseminating information driving mindset change | |
There is no experimentation with new models of organisation, business and sectoral interaction. | Knowledge and social innovation platforms are part of the sectoral culture | ||
Consumer behaviour | Consumers are not environmentally aware | Consumers are socially and environmentally responsible in regards to the selection of efficient artefacts and their energy use | |
Consumers are not actively part of the renewable energy market | Consumers are becoming prosumers (producers and consumers). Prosumers sell and buy renewable energy | ||
Agenda intersection | Water-food-energy nexus | Lack of integration of the political agendas of the Ministry of Energy with the Secretary of Water and the Ministry of Agriculture | There are formal and informal fora’s where actors of the three sectors interact and produce solution-oriented knowledge |
Environment/climate change-energy nexus | Environmental ministry does not have strong influence on the decision-making process of the energy planning | Environmental and renewable energy actors from academia, business sector, NGOs and government have developed mechanisms for interactions and decision-making support | |
Transportation (mobility)-energy nexus | Transport and energy agendas do not have a strong interface. Inefficient individual fossil-fuel-based systems are promoted | Efficient, social and environmental friendly multi-modal systems are implemented with the support of participatory planning process involving the Ministry of Transport, subnational levels (municipalities) and cross-sectoral stakeholders | |
Social development-energy nexus | There isn’t an energy social agenda where social and energy strategies have an interplay | A cross-sectoral energy social agenda is implemented in order to deal with energy-justice, energy-poverty, energy-equity and energy-democracy | |
Productive matrix-energy nexus | Crude oil is the main export product and will remain for the next 10Â years until the reserves decline dramatically | Renewable electricity is fuelling the productive matrix transformation by electrifying the production of goods and services for export | |
International affairs-energy nexus | Weak regional energy integration processes. There are no complementarity strategies | Strong energy systems integration processes within the South American region promoting resources complementarity |