Grid-based multi-energy systems—modelling, assessment, open source modelling frameworks and challenges

Table 4 General and specific characteristics and features of the modelling frameworks

	Calliope	oemof	urbs
Modelling scope	Operational, planning	Operational, planning	Operational, planning
Model formulation	Linear	Linear and mixed integer	Linear
Spatial coverage	Local to countries	Local to countries	Local to countries
Time horizon	Short and long	Short and long	Short and long
Assessment criteria	Economic	Economic	Economic, with environmental auxiliary constraints
MES approach	Energy hub	Energy hub	Energy hub
Energy sectoral coverage	Electricity, gas, heat	Electricity, gas, heat, transport	Electricity, gas, heat
Spatial resolution	Single- and multi-region	Single- and multi-region	Single- and multi-region
Time resolution	Low and high	Low and high	Low and high
Load flows	Network flow type II	Network flow type II	Network flow type II
Unique features	Ramp rates, multi-scenario	Ramp rates for storage, up- and down times	Demand response, multi-scenario

ISSN: 2192-0567