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Table 9 Influence of change of mix of functions and building type on the indicators (own illustration)

From: Factors influencing the environmental and economic feasibility of district heating systems—a perspective from integrated spatial and energy planning

Indicator

Influence of mix of functions/building type

(1) Energy consumption density

The mean value of energy consumption density is not affected by rearranging functions; only on a local level changes will take place.

(2) Number of full load hours per year

A better (higher) mix of functions can increase the number of annual full load hours significantly, from 2000 up to 4500 [11]. If spatial planning policies are effective enough, they can lead to a higher number of full load hours by diversifying local functions. A concrete mean value of achievable increase is speculative, but may be set to 20% which is easily accessible within the mentioned range.

(3) Available heat source(s)

The number of available heat sources will rise as the variety of waste heat sources within a certain radius increases.

(4) Temperature level

Temperature level in mixed areas could rise as the grid has to be designed for the highest needed temperature. However, if applying local high temperature heat pumps, those consumers could be supplied without affecting the overall temperature. Temperature cascades could be used as well. Therefore, the effect of mix of functions on the temperature level will depend on the local circumstances and the specific technical approach.