Analyzing long-term empirical interactions between renewable energy generation, energy use, human capital, and economic performance in Pakistan

Table 1 Results of ADF and PP analyses

Variables	ADF test (statistics)		PP test (statistics)		Tr./Fd.	Unit root	ADF-GLS
Variables	ADF test (statistics)		PP test (statistics)		Tr./Fd.	Unit root	τ-statistics	ADF-GLS critical value (5%)
EG_R	2.734	P = 0.433	5.673	P = 0.761	None	Yes	− 2.713	− 2.996
EU_A	− 1.122	P = 0.391	0.015	P = 0.153	Tr. + Fd.	Yes	− 2.510	− 2.744
EP	− 3.249	P = 0.127	3.805	P = 0.368	Fd.	Yes	− 2.119	− 2.913
HC_IN	5.347	P = 0.849	2.654	P = 0.294	Fd.	Yes	− 2.885	− 3.185
ΔEG_R	− 2.950	P = 0.035	− 3.930	P = 0.050	None	No	− 2.947	− 2.270
ΔEU_A	− 2.509	P = 0.005	− 4.667	P = 0.003	Tr. + Fd.	No	− 3.125	− 3.002
ΔEP	− 6.623	P = 0.018	− 6.043	P = 0.005	Fd	No	− 2.983	− 2.316
ΔHC_IN	− 5.665	P = 0.036	− 3.823	P = 0.020	Tr. + Fd.	No	− 2.722	− 2.601

If p value > 0.05, then do not reject the null hypothesis of unit root
EG_R renewable energy generation, EU_A aggregated energy use, EP economic performance, HC_IN human capital index, ADF augmented Dickey-Fuller test, PP Phillips-Perron test, GLS generalized least square, Δ a first-order difference of variables, Tr. trend, Fd. fixed, τ ADF-GLS test values, P probability value

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