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Table 2 Results of KPSS analysis

From: Analyzing long-term empirical interactions between renewable energy generation, energy use, human capital, and economic performance in Pakistan

Variables

LM (statistic)

Fd.-Tr.

KPSS critical value (5%)

Unit root

EGR

0.143

Fd.-Tr.

0.135

Yes

EUA

0.145

Fd.-Tr.

0.135

Yes

EP

0.239

Fd.-Tr.

0.135

Yes

HCIN

0.194

Fd.-Tr.

0.135

Yes

ΔEGR

0.067

Fd.-Tr.

0.135

No

ΔEUA

− 0.003

Fd.-Tr.

0.135

No

ΔEP

0.119

Fd.-Tr.

0.135

No

ΔHCIN

0.085

Fd.-Tr.

0.135

No

  1. KPSS Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin test, LM Lagrange multiplier, Tr. trend, Fd. fixed, EGR renewable energy generation, EUA aggregated energy use, EP economic performance, HCIN human capital index