Table 4 Institutional contexts for energy cooperatives in Germany and Switzerland
From: How municipalities support energy cooperatives: survey results from Germany and Switzerland
| Â | Germany | Switzerland |
|---|---|---|
RE support policies | • Feed-in tariff: EEG 2000, 2004, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016/2017 | • MKF (2005) • Capped feed-in tariff: KEV (2009) • One-off inv. grants (2014) |
Electricity market regulation | • High level of liberalization: Competition among electricity retailers, free choice of electricity suppliers for customers, unbundled generation, regulated transmission grids operated by four regional operators | • Low level of liberalization: Limited competition among electricity retailers and limited choice of electricity suppliers for customers (area monopolies for small consumers (< 100 MWh)) |
Municipalities in the federal system | • Lowest administrative level • High degree of local autonomy with limited financial autonomy • Own municipal energy policies | • Lowest administrative level • High degree of local autonomy with extensive financial autonomy • Own municipal energy policies |
Cooperative law and tradition | • Cooperative law (2006) • Pronounced cooperative tradition (housing, retail trade, energy) | • Swiss Code of Obligations • Pronounced cooperative tradition (housing, retail trade, energy) |