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Table 13 Indicators for benchmarking cities [37]

From: Sustainability indices for energy utilization using a multi-criteria decision model

Theme

Scope of analysis

Sample

Reference

Energy and/or CO2 emissions

Frequency analysis of energy data

CoM signatory cities

Kona et al. [68]

 

Energy consumption

198 local units in the UK

Keirstead [69]

 

Carbon footprints

12 metropolitan cities

Sovacool and Brown [70]

 

CO2 emissions

Nanjing (China)

Bi et al. [71]

 

Carbon footprint

21 cities (Guangdong China)

Yajie et al. [72]

 

Carbon metabolism

Beijing (China)

Zhang et al. [73]

 

CO2 targets and measures

8 low carbon cities (China)

Khanna et al. [74]

 

Scope of climate target setting

8 European cities

Kramers et al. [75]

Transport

Transport systems

23 European cities

Alonso et al. [76]

 

ICT usage in transport

26 major world cities

Debnath et al. [77]

 

Sustainable transport

Curitiba (Brazil)

Miranda et al. [78]

Waste

Waste management

3 cities (world)

Zaman and Lehmann [79]

 

Urban waste management

14 Greek municipalities

Karagiannidis et al. [80]

 

Sustainable waste management

5 cities (world)

Wilson et al. [81]

Water

Water treatment options

Ningbo (China)

Wu et al. [82]

Energy-water-carbon nexus

Urban water systems

4 European cities

Venkatesh et al. [83]

Socio-economic power

Socio-economic power

35 major world cities

Arribas-Bel et al. [84]

Multidisciplinary (sustainability)

Locally integrated energy sectors

Ormoz Municipality (Slovenia)

Kostevšek et al. [34]

 

Low-carbon eco-cities

Not applied to any city

Zhou et al. [33]

 

Environment social economic pillars

Island energy structure

Afgan et al. [85]

 

Green cities (limited energy focus)

Various cities (world)

Siemens (http://sg.siemens.com/city_of_the_future/_docs/gci_report_summary.pdf)

 

Environment and quality of life

Australian cities

Trigg et al. [32]

 

Energy scenarios with SDEWES Index

22 Mediterranean port cities

Kılkış [37]