Economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in the E7 countries: a bootstrap ARDL bound test

Tong, Teng; Ortiz, Jaime; Xu, Chuanhua; Li, Fangjhy

doi:10.1186/s13705-020-00253-6

Table 3 Univariate unit root tests

From: Economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in the E7 countries: a bootstrap ARDL bound test

Countries	Variables	At level				At first difference
Countries	Variables	ADF	DF-GLS	PP	KPSS	ADF	DF-GLS	PP	KPSS
Brazil	LGDP	− 3.3939 (0)^*	− 1.8728 (0)	− 3.3855 (3)^*	0.8022 (3)^***	− 4.7558 (0)^***	− 2.2785 (1)^**	− 4.7003 (2)^***	0.2139 (0)
	LEC	− 1.6069 (0)	− 1.5446 (0)	− 2.0561 (3)	0.1540 (3)^**	− 5.5424 (0)^***	− 5.4056 (0)^***	− 5.5424 (0)^***	0.1317 (2)
	LCO₂	− 2.1627 (2)	− 2.5969 (2)	− 2.2599 (3)	0.1193 (3)^*	− 4.7184 (0)^***	− 2.6677 (1)^***	− 4.7184 (0)^***	0.0974 (3)
India	LGDP	− 1.3653 (0)	− 0.5646 (0)	− 1.3299 (3)	0.2185 (2)^***	− 7.9501 (0)^***	− 3.7990 (0)^***	− 7.9501 (0)^***	0.0410 (3)
	LEC	− 0.2063 (0)	− 1.3863 (3)	− 0.3839 (3)	0.1728 (3)^**	− 6.1489 (0)^***	− 4.2217 (0)^***	− 6.2067 (3)^***	0.0811 (3)
	LCO₂	− 1.8144 (0)	− 1.7373 (0)	− 2.0078 (3)	0.8395 (5)^***	− 6.3012 (0)^***	− 6.1957 (0)^***	− 6.3295 (3)^***	0.2011 (0)
Indonesia	LGDP	− 2.5628 (1)	− 2.3342 (1)	− 2.1648 (1)	1.1831 (3)^***	− 4.8001 (0)^***	− 4.8759 (0)^***	− 4.7678 (2)^***	0.1354 (1)
	LEC	− 1.2409 (0)	− 1.4495 (0)	− 1.2409 (0)	1.1781 (3)^***	− 6.6338 (0)^***	− 6.5387 (0)^***	− 6.6734 (4)^***	0.1645 (0)
	LCO₂	− 3.7588 (1)^**	− 2.3167 (2)	− 2.9585 (3)	1.4971 (2)^***	− 6.0189 (1)^***	− 5.9762 (1)^***	− 6.0182 (3)^***	0.2978 (3)
Mexico	LGDP	− 2.8202 (0)	− 1.9435 (0)	− 2.8974 (2)	0.7749 (2)^***	− 5.3440 (0)^***	− 4.6491 (0)^***	− 5.3012 (3)^***	0.2574 (0)
	LEC	− 2.6150 (0)	− 1.1455 (0)	− 2.5758 (1)	0.6575 (3)^**	− 5.1826 (0)^***	− 5.1506 (0)^***	− 5.1826 (0)^***	0.1108 (1)
	LCO₂	− 2.2049 (0)	− 1.4732 (0)	− 2.1412 (1)	0.5729 (3)^**	− 7.8209 (0)^***	− 7.0476 (0)^***	− 7.7964 (1)^***	0.0709 (0)
People’s Republic of China	LGDP	− 3.1892 (1)	− 1.5464 (1)	− 3.6616 (3)^*	0.1815 (2)^**	− 4.3604 (0)^***	− 4.1830 (0)^***	− 4.3309 (3)^***	0.1215 (2)^*
	LEC	− 1.3500 (1)	− 1.4611 (1)	− 0.8771 (3)	0.1855 (3)^**	− 3.7419 (0)^**	− 3.8233 (0)^***	− 3.7255 (1)^**	0.0819 (3)
	LCO₂	− 2.2675 (1)	− 2.3137 (1)	− 1.5660 (3)	0.1484 (2)^**	− 3.4145 (0)^**	− 3.4539 (0)^***	− 3.4620 (1)^**	0.1172 (0)
Russia	LGDP	− 3.1829 (1)	− 2.1944 (1)	− 3.4788 (2)	0.5752 (3)^**	− 2.4446 (0)^**	− 2.2988 (0)^**	− 2.3641 (1)^**	0.3231 (2)
	LEC	− 4.0600 (0)^**	− 2.5831 (0)	− 4.7772 (2)	0.1674 (2)^**	− 3.3568 (0)^*	− 2.9837 (0)^***	− 3.3568 (2)^*	0.3821 (2)^*
	LCO₂	− 3.9379 (0)^**	− 2.5851 (0)	− 3.9379 (2)^**	0.1689 (0)^**	− 3.3132 (0)^*	− 2.9842 (0)^***	− 3.3132 (0)^*	0.3598 (2)^*
Turkey	LGDP	− 2.2229 (0)	− 2.3089 (0)	− 2.3966 (1)	0.9429 (2) ^***	− 4.8594 (3)^***	− 5.0686 (0)^***	− 6.8309 (3)^***	0.0866 (2)
	LEC	− 2.9710 (0)	− 2.4336 (0)	− 3.0543 (1)	0.9327 (3)^***	− 6.6989 (0)^***	− 5.5857 (0)^***	− 6.7042 (3)^***	0.1314 (3)
	LCO₂	− 2.9952 (0)	− 1.7598 (0)	− 2.9864 (3)	0.9260 (3)^***	− 6.6613 (0)^***	− 4.3947 (0)^***	− 6.6666 (3)^***	0.1299 (5)

Note: Asterisks ^***, ^** and ^* indicate the 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively

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