Economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in the E7 countries: a bootstrap ARDL bound test

Table 5 Lee and Strazicich LM unit root tests results on first difference

Countries	Variables	Intercept			Trend and Intercept
Countries	Variables	Test statistic (lag)	TB1	TB2	Test statistic (lag)	TB1	TB2
Brazil	LGDP	− 3.418 (0)^*	1977	1979	− 7.362 (4)^***	1978	1981
	LEC	− 5.160 (4)^***	1979	2006	− 7.045 (4)^***	1979	1987
	LCO₂	− 5.491 (0)^***	1978	1982	− 5.883 (0)^***	1979	1982
India	LGDP	− 4.616 (1)^***	1983	1987	− 8.031 (0)^***	1977	1980
	LEC	− 4.737 (3)^***	1984	1994	− 6.374 (3)^**	1997	2007
	LCO₂	− 4.721 (1)^***	1996	2000	− 6.797 (0)^**	1976	1990
Indonesia	LGDP	− 5.646 (0)^***	1979	1995	− 9.588 (1)^***	1995	1999
	LEC	− 6.212 (0)^***	1977	1982	− 6.745 (1)^**	1988	1994
	LCO₂	− 6.105 (1)^***	1986	1999	− 6.862 (1)^***	1986	2008
Mexico	LGDP	− 6.483 (0)^***	1977	1981	− 7.304 (4)^***	1979	1987
	LEC	− 5.077 (0)^***	1977	1979	− 6.545 (4)^**	1980	2000
	LCO₂	− 7.969 (0)^***	1977	1980	− 9.657 (0)^***	1977	1982
People’s Republic of China	LGDP	− 4.431 (2)^***	1976	1988	− 5.983 (5)^*	1986	2003
	LEC	− 4.151 (0)^***	1977	2009	− 7.656 (3)^***	1988	2000
	LCO₂	− 3.851 (3)^**	1993	1997	− 6.330 (3)^*	1993	2000
Russia	LGDP	− 3.806 (0)^**	1998	2007	− 11.61 (5)^***	2003	2007
	LEC	− 4.033 (4)^**	2001	2007	− 6.262 (2)^**	1997	2007
	LCO₂	− 4.901 (2)^***	1997	2009	− 6.772 (2)^**	1997	2007
Turkey	LGDP	− 5.423 (0)^***	1977	1979	− 7.521 (4)^***	1992	1998
	LEC	− 6.549 (0)^***	1977	2005	− 6.887 (0)^***	1977	1987
	LCO₂	− 6.576 (0)^***	1978	2003	− 6.516 (0)^**	1977	1985

Note: Asterisks ***, ** and * indicate the 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels, respectively. Numbers in parentheses represent the optimal number of lag terms, break date, test statistics, and critical t values. TB1 and TB2 represent time break 1 and time break 2

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