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Table 7 Long-run causality test

From: Economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in the E7 countries: a bootstrap ARDL bound test

Country

 

LGDP

LEC

LCO2

F statistics (p value) (sign)

F statistics (p value) (sign)

F statistics (p value) (sign)

Brazil

LCO2

2.136213/[0.1536] (–)

2.460071 / [0.1266] (+)

– –

India

LEC

5.297746**/[0.0328] (+)

– –

1.561488/[0.2266] (+)

Russia

LEC

0.352065/[0.5640] (–)

– –

0.699432/[0.4193] (+)

  1. Note: Asterisk ** indicates the 5% significance level
  2. Square brackets indicate the characterization factor of the p value. No cointegration and its causality test involve only lag variables