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Table 2 Panel unit root test results

From: Renewable energy consumption in Africa: the role of economic well-being and economic freedom

Test methods

Variables

lnRE

HDI

PR

BF

TF

TB

ES

Null: Unit root (assumes common unit root process)

 LLCt-stat

Level

−2.17

−5.60

−2.91

−0.21

−4.97

−3.15

−4.47

Prob.

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.58

0.00

0.00

0.00

1. diff.

−10.99

−4.58

−1.73

−8.07

−11.45

−10.87

−19.69

Prob.

0.00

0.00

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Null: Unit root (Assumes Individual unit root process)

 ADFFisher chi-square

Level

49.97

57.2

233.17

60.1

104.6

85.27

77.50

Prob.

0.90

0.71

0.00

0.61

0.00

0.04

0.00

1. diff.

249.50

124.0

240.38

226.7

317.2

261.28

368.79

Prob.

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 PPFisher chi-square

Level

53.85

87.57

64.81

76.94

112.56

101.03

95.53

Prob.

0.81

0.00

0.11

0.13

0.00

0.00

0.09

1. diff.

493.57

267.6

269.33

646.6

1034.6

1102.7

413.49

Prob.

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 IPSw-stat

Level

0.89

3.66

−4.87

−0.17

−3.09

−0.79

−1.83

Prob.

0.81

0.00

0.00

0.43

0.00

0.21

0.03

1. diff.

−11.31

−4.76

−9.23

−10.33

−14.39

−11.97

−17.51

Prob.

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

  1. p value < 1% implies highly significant estimate