From: Renewable energy consumption in Africa: the role of economic well-being and economic freedom
Test methods | Variables | lnRE | HDI | PR | BF | TF | TB | ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Null: Unit root (assumes common unit root process) | ||||||||
 LLCt-stat | Level | −2.17 | −5.60 | −2.91 | −0.21 | −4.97 | −3.15 | −4.47 |
Prob. | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
1. diff. | −10.99 | −4.58 | −1.73 | −8.07 | −11.45 | −10.87 | −19.69 | |
Prob. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Null: Unit root (Assumes Individual unit root process) | ||||||||
 ADFFisher chi-square | Level | 49.97 | 57.2 | 233.17 | 60.1 | 104.6 | 85.27 | 77.50 |
Prob. | 0.90 | 0.71 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | |
1. diff. | 249.50 | 124.0 | 240.38 | 226.7 | 317.2 | 261.28 | 368.79 | |
Prob. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
 PPFisher chi-square | Level | 53.85 | 87.57 | 64.81 | 76.94 | 112.56 | 101.03 | 95.53 |
Prob. | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | |
1. diff. | 493.57 | 267.6 | 269.33 | 646.6 | 1034.6 | 1102.7 | 413.49 | |
Prob. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
 IPSw-stat | Level | 0.89 | 3.66 | −4.87 | −0.17 | −3.09 | −0.79 | −1.83 |
Prob. | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.03 | |
1. diff. | −11.31 | −4.76 | −9.23 | −10.33 | −14.39 | −11.97 | −17.51 | |
Prob. | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |