Table 7 Result of Granger causality tests
From: Renewable energy and population growth for sustainable development in the Southeast Asian countries
Null hypothesis | Traditional test | D–H test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Chi2-statistic | Prob | Z bar-statistic | Prob |
dlngdppc does not Granger-cause dlnco2pc | 28.88 | 0.00 | 0.78 | 0.43 |
dlnpop does not Granger-cause dlnco2pc | 1.97 | 0.16 | 9.14 | 0.00 |
dlnrecpc does not Granger-cause dlnco2pc | 7.27 | 0.01 | −0.54 | 0.59 |
dlnecpc does not Granger-cause dlnco2pc | 18.70 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.81 |
dlnco2pc does not Granger-cause dlngdppc | 8.41 | 0.00 | 2.11 | 0.04 |
dlnpop does not Granger-cause dlngdppc | 44.49 | 0.00 | 2.01 | 0.05 |
dlnrecpc does not Granger-cause dlngdppc | 0.34 | 0.56 | 2.48 | 0.01 |
dlnecpc does not Granger-cause dlngdppc | 13.60 | 0.00 | 2.40 | 0.02 |
dlnco2pc does not Granger-cause dlnpop | 228.17 | 0.00 | 6.42 | 0.00 |
dlngdppc does not Granger-cause dlnpop | 88.80 | 0.00 | 7.12 | 0.00 |
dlnrecpc does not Granger-cause dlnpop | 11.59 | 0.00 | 5.94 | 0.00 |
dlnecpc does not Granger-cause dlnpop | 0.02 | 0.90 | 8.36 | 0.00 |
dlnco2pc does not Granger-cause dlnrecpc | 0.90 | 0.34 | 0.99 | 0.32 |
dlngdppc does not Granger-cause dlnrecpc | 0.55 | 0.46 | − 1.27 | 0.20 |
dlnpop does not Granger-cause dlnrecpc | 63.77 | 0.00 | 7.86 | 0.00 |
dlnecpc does not Granger-cause dlnrecpc | 31.02 | 0.00 | − 0.86 | 0.38 |
dlnco2pc does not Granger-cause dlnecpc | 23.44 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.65 |
dlngdppc does not Granger-cause dlnecpc | 7.59 | 0.01 | 1.14 | 0.25 |
dlnpop does not Granger-cause dlnecpc | 37.32 | 0.00 | − 0.19 | 0.85 |
dlnrecpc does not Granger-cause dlnecpc | 1.28 | 0.26 | − 0.99 | 0.32 |