Fig. 7From: Indicators for the optimization of sustainable urban energy systems based on energy system modelingIndicators in scenario 4: demand reduction, based on scenario 2 (1 MW photovoltaic systems). The simulated values are represented as dots and connected by lines. Abbreviations: PEE = primary energy efficiency, SoR = share of renewables, SeS = self-sufficiency, \(m_\mathrm {GHG,es}\) = absolute GHG emissions, \(m'_\mathrm {GHG,FE}\) = specific GHG emissions per final energy demand, \(C_\mathrm {es}\) = absolute energy costs, \(C'_\mathrm {FE}\) = specific energy costs per final energy demandBack to article page