Table 2 System parameters used for modeling

Electricity import (residential, 0% renewables)

0

0.3106

2.3

–

624

–

Electricity import (commercial, 0% renewables)

0

0.2156

2.3

–

624

–

Electricity import (residential, 42% renewables)

0

0.3106

1.6

–

474

–

Electricity import (commercial, 42% renewables)

0

0.2156

1.6

–

474

–

Electricity import (residential, 100% renewables)

0

0.3106

1

–

28

–

Electricity import (commercial, 100% renewables)

0

0.2156

1

–

28

–

Electricity export (PV)

0

\(-\) 0.1293

\(-\) 1.2

–

− 56

–

Electricity export (CHP, biogas)

0

\(-\) 0.0892

\(-\) 2.91

–

− 125

–

Electricity export (CHP, natural gas)

0

\(-\) 0.0505

\(-\) 1.91

–

− 414

–

Natural gas import (residential)

0

0.0644

–

–

0

–

Natural gas import (commercial)

0

0.0455

–

–

0

–

Photovoltaic systems\(^{a}\)

92

0

1.2

–\(^{d}\)

56

\(^{e}\)

Gas heating systems

30

–\(^{c}\)

1.34

–

228

0.85

Natural gas CHP (electric output)

14

–\(^{c}\)

1.91

–\(^{d}\)

414

0.35

Natural gas CHP (thermal output)

–\(^{b}\)

–\(^{c}\)

0.76

–\(^{d}\)

165

0.55

Biogas CHP (electric output)

14

–\(^{c}\)

2.91

–\(^{d}\)

125

0.35

Biogas CHP (thermal output)

–\(^{b}\)

–\(^{c}\)

1.42

–\(^{d}\)

100

0.55

District heat network

30

0

–

–

0

0.85

Biomass cultivation & biogas production

–\(^{g}\)

0.097

–\(^{f}\)

–\(^{f}\)

–\(^{f}\)

–\(^{f}\)

Biogas production

Taken into account through life cycle analysis in the CHP

Building heat networks

Taken into account with the gas heating system respectively the district heating network

Electricity grid

Considered as loss-free

Natural gas grid

Considered as loss-free

Demands

Annual

Load

Demand

Profile

kWh/a

Residential electricity demand

3600000.0

h0

Commercial electricity demand

7312390.1

g0

Residential heat demand

20810072.5

efh/mfh

Commercial heat demand

10927989.6

ghd