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Table 2 Differences in investments from the public and business sectors for the countries with the highest summary innovation index from 2012 to 2019

From: Net zero 2050 as an EU priroty: modeling a system for efficient investments in eco innovation for climate change mitigation

 

R&D expenditure in the public sector

R&D expenditure in the business sector

p-value

The total period from 2012 to 2019

0.849 ± 0.236

1.534 ± 0.604

 < 0.005**

For 2012

0.829 ± 0.185

1.593 ± 0.637

0.001**

For 2013

0.84 ± 0.172

1.586 ± 0.62

0.001**

For 2014

0.838 ± 0.178

1.575 ± 0.577

0.001**

For 2015

0.851 ± 0.176

1.61 ± 0.589

0.001**

For 2016

0.849 ± 0.179

1.622 ± 0.575

0.001**

For 2017

0.853 ± 0.189

1.655 ± 0.592

0.001**

For 2018

0.842 ± 0.201

1.694 ± 0.571

 < 0.005**

For 2019

0.895 ± 0.501

0.939 ± 0.517

0.709

  1. Source: own research, based on the European Innovation Scoreboard, Eurostat
  2. The asterisks represent significant differences (p < 0.01**)