Skip to main content

Table 3 Differences in investments from the public and business sectors for developing countries with the lowest summary innovation index for the period from 2012 to 2019

From: Net zero 2050 as an EU priroty: modeling a system for efficient investments in eco innovation for climate change mitigation

 

R&D expenditure in the public sector

R&D expenditure in the business sector

p-value

The total period from 2012 to 2019

0.362 ± 0.138

0.364 ± 0.246

0.954

For 2012

0.398 ± 0.109

0.337 ± 0.204

0.177

For 2013

0.379 ± 0.099

0.337 ± 0.236

0.559

For 2014

0.308 ± 0.112

0.353 ± 0.238

0.717

For 2015

0.414 ± 0.171

0.379 ± 0.261

0.720

For 2016

0.325 ± 0.107

0.377 ± 0.243

0.511

For 2017

0.335 ± 0.111

0.398 ± 0.261

0.424

For 2018

0.354 ± 0.123

0.435 ± 0.31

0.389

For 2019

0.31 ± 0.226

0.324 ± 0.251

0.881

  1. Source: own research, based on the European Innovation Scoreboard, Eurostat
  2. The asterisks represent significant differences (p < 0.01**)