Table 15 Environmental impacts per year of the production and use of LFP and NMC cells per kWh storage capacity
LFP | NMC 811 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | ||
Energy density | Wh/kg | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.34 |
Acidification | molc H + eq | 1.3695 | 0.6355 | 4.0751 | 1.9175 |
Climate change | kg CO2 eq | 83.3402 | 37.6148 | 75.6264 | 34.7004 |
Freshwater ecotoxicity | CTUe | 947.1190 | 427.2630 | 2870.9969 | 1340.7873 |
Freshwater eutrophication | kg P eq | 2.85E−02 | 1.05E−02 | 8.01E−02 | 3.55E−02 |
Human toxicity—carcinogenics | CTUh | 3.09E−05 | 1.42E−05 | 8.28E−06 | 3.76E−06 |
Human toxicity—non-carcinogenics | CTUh | 2.56E−05 | 1.15E−05 | 1.19E−04 | 5.56E−05 |
Ionizing radiaton—human health | kBq U235 eq | 1.23E−05 | 5.26E−06 | 1.63E−05 | 7.29E−06 |
Marine eutrophication | kg N eq | 4.04E + 00 | 1.60E + 00 | 4.84E + 00 | 2.05E + 00 |
Ozone depletion | kg CFC-11 eq | 7.45E−02 | 3.39E−02 | 8.01E−02 | 3.71E−02 |
Particulate matter/Respiratory inorganics | kg PM2.5 eq | 1.08E−03 | 5.00E−04 | 4.46E−04 | 2.10E−04 |
Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq | 6.00E−02 | 2.81E−02 | 2.25E−01 | 1.06E−01 |
Resource depletion—mineral, fossil and renewable | kg Sb eq | 1.30E−01 | 5.99E−02 | 4.52E−01 | 2.12E−01 |
Terrestrial eutrophication | molc N eq | 1.05E−03 | 1.06E−03 | 3.76E−03 | 3.77E−03 |