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Table 4 Panel unit-root tests

From: Revisiting the energy-growth-environment nexus in the OECD countries: An application of the CS-ARDL approach

Variable

CIPS statistics

CADF statistics

 

Level

1st difference

Level

1st difference

lnCO2

− 1.69

− 4.02***

− 2.5

− 3.26***

lnY

− 2.16**

− 2.76***

− 2.69***

− 2.37***

lnRE

− 2.41***

− 4.7***

− 2.75***

− 3.57***

lnNRE

− 1.48

− 4.25***

− 2.13

− 3.11***

lnTRD

− 1.85

− 3.33***

− 2.14

− 2.44***

lnFD

− 2.45***

− 4.16***

− 2.22

− 2.94***

lnURB

− 1.13

− 3.11***

− 1.84

− 2.69***

  1. Intercept and trend variables are included in the CIPS and CADF tests. ***, **, and * significant at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively