Table 5 Overview of production cost estimates for renewable gases (based on [7,8,9, 11, 12, 52, 60, 83, 95, 110])

 Paturska et al.

[7]

46

Consideration of anaerobic digestion only

 Zappa et al.

[95]

49

Consideration of anaerobic digestion only

 van Melle et al.

[12]

52

Average cost reflecting both anaerobic digestion and thermal gasification

 European Commission

[83]

61–68

Average cost; considering anaerobic digestion only

 Budzianowski et al

[11]

70

Consideration of anaerobic digestion only

 Papp et al.

[8]

62–94

Cost range reflects different combinations of plant size, plant technology, and feedstock

 Thrän et al.

[9]

69–94

Consideration of anaerobic digestion only; cost range reflects different combinations of plant size, plant technology, and feedstock

 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

[110]

84

Average cost for different residues feedstocks in a high-cost environment

 van Melle et al.

[12]

52

Low-cost excess electricity only

 Perner et al.

[60]

50–75

Based on strong economies of scale due to significant increase of global electrolyser capacity; applicable for both production based on low-cost excess electricity in Europe and maximized production in commercially attractive regions outside the EU (for the latter incl. transport)

 Van Wijk, A.

[52]

63

Based on baseload production using mainly off-shore wind power

 Perner et al.

[60]

100–150

Based on strong economies of scale due to significant increase of global electrolyser capacity; applicable for both production based on low-cost excess electricity in Europe and maximized production in commercially attractive regions outside the EU (for the latter incl. transport)