|
Biomethane
|
|
Paturska et al.
|
[7]
|
46
|
Consideration of anaerobic digestion only
|
|
Zappa et al.
|
[95]
|
49
|
Consideration of anaerobic digestion only
|
|
van Melle et al.
|
[12]
|
52
|
Average cost reflecting both anaerobic digestion and thermal gasification
|
|
European Commission
|
[83]
|
61–68
|
Average cost; considering anaerobic digestion only
|
|
Budzianowski et al
|
[11]
|
70
|
Consideration of anaerobic digestion only
|
|
Papp et al.
|
[8]
|
62–94
|
Cost range reflects different combinations of plant size, plant technology, and feedstock
|
|
Thrän et al.
|
[9]
|
69–94
|
Consideration of anaerobic digestion only; cost range reflects different combinations of plant size, plant technology, and feedstock
|
|
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
|
[110]
|
84
|
Average cost for different residues feedstocks in a high-cost environment
|
|
Renewable hydrogen
|
|
van Melle et al.
|
[12]
|
52
|
Low-cost excess electricity only
|
|
Perner et al.
|
[60]
|
50–75
|
Based on strong economies of scale due to significant increase of global electrolyser capacity; applicable for both production based on low-cost excess electricity in Europe and maximized production in commercially attractive regions outside the EU (for the latter incl. transport)
|
|
Van Wijk, A.
|
[52]
|
63
|
Based on baseload production using mainly off-shore wind power
|
|
Synthetic renewable methane
|
|
Perner et al.
|
[60]
|
100–150
|
Based on strong economies of scale due to significant increase of global electrolyser capacity; applicable for both production based on low-cost excess electricity in Europe and maximized production in commercially attractive regions outside the EU (for the latter incl. transport)
|
