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Table 3 Results of cointegration tests

From: Renewable energy and population growth for sustainable development in the Southeast Asian countries

The error-correction-based cointegration tests by Westerlund [45]

 

Gt

Ga

Pt

Pa

Statistics

− 2.72

− 0.29

− 14.11

− 0.27

Z-value

− 0.76

4.38

− 7.78

3.15

P-value

0.22

1.00

0.00

1.00

The residual-based cointegration test by Pedroni [43, 44]

 

v

rho

t

ADF

Panel statistics

− 0.66

0.09

− 1.99

− 1.53

Group statistics

 

1.12

− 1.61

− 1.08

  1. In the error-correction-based cointegration tests, Gt and Ga are the group-mean tests, while Pt and Pa are the panel tests