Table 14 Environmental impacts per year of the production and use of LFP and NMC cells with graphite anode (G) per kg of cell
LFP-G | NMC 811-G | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | ||
Acidification | molc H + eq | 0.1780 | 0.1780 | 0.6520 | 0.6519 |
Climate change | kg CO2 eq | 10.8342 | 10.5321 | 12.1002 | 11.7981 |
Freshwater ecotoxicity | CTUe | 123.1255 | 119.6336 | 459.3595 | 455.8677 |
Freshwater eutrophication | kg P eq | 3.70E−03 | 2.95E−03 | 1.28E−02 | 1.21E−02 |
Human toxicity—carcinogenics | CTUh | 4.01E−06 | 3.97E−06 | 1.32E−06 | 1.28E−06 |
Human toxicity—non-carcinogenics | CTUh | 3.33E−06 | 3.21E−06 | 1.90E−05 | 1.89E−05 |
Ionizing radiaton—human health | kBq U235 eq | 1.60E−06 | 1.47E−06 | 2.60E−06 | 2.48E−06 |
Marine eutrophication | kg N eq | 5.25E−01 | 4.48E−01 | 7.75E−01 | 6.99E−01 |
Ozone depletion | kg CFC-11 eq | 9.69E−03 | 9.49E−03 | 1.28E−02 | 1.26E−02 |
Particulate matter/Respiratory inorganics | kg PM2.5 eq | 1.40E−04 | 1.40E−04 | 7.13E−05 | 7.13E−05 |
Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq | 7.80E−03 | 7.87E−03 | 3.60E−02 | 3.61E−02 |
Resource depletion—mineral, fossil and renewable | kg Sb eq | 1.68E−02 | 1.68E−02 | 7.23E−02 | 7.22E−02 |
Terrestrial eutrophication | molc N eq | 1.05E−03 | 1.06E−03 | 3.76E−03 | 3.77E−03 |