Macroeconomic impacts of energy communities and individual prosumers: an assessment of transformation pathways

Table 3 Characteristics of selected energy supply technologies (costs and emissions for an average single-family house)

		Electricity from grid ¹⁾	Provision of heat by means of conventional gas heating system	PV/battery system ²⁾	Heat pump ³⁾	New condensing boiler³⁾	Woodchip furnace in combination with district heating ⁴⁾
Investment needs	Euros			8,820^d, ⁶⁾	15,000²⁾	9,200²⁾	21,000⁷⁾
Subsidies, grants, and similar	Euros			100^b, ⁶⁾	5,258²⁾	300²⁾	8,100⁷⁾
Variable cost	Euros/kWh	0.32¹⁾	0.0631¹⁾	0	0.058	0.0631¹⁾
Variable cost	Euros/year						795⁷⁾
Fixed cost	Euros/year		260²⁾	129⁶⁾	150²⁾	260²⁾	611⁷⁾
CO₂ emissions	kg/kWh	0.4 ^a, ³⁾	0.2	0	0^c	0.2	0
Particulate matter emissions	mg/kWh		6⁴⁾	0	0	6⁴⁾	76⁴⁾
Dependence on price fluctuations		High⁵⁾	High⁵⁾	No ^c)	No^c)	High⁵⁾	Low⁵⁾

Remarks: Cost calculations are based on 2021 electricity and gas prices as well as subsidy payments. We also apply these prices for 2020
^aAverage emissions of the electricity mix in 2021
^bAverage revenues from feed-in tariffs
^cOnly indirect emissions, which depend on the amount of electricity taken from the grid
^dWe assume that PV capacity will be expanded if a heat pump is used in combination with PV. In this case, investment requirements for PV will increase by 50%
Sources ¹⁾[68], ²⁾[69], ³⁾[70], ⁴⁾[71], scaled to one single-family house ⁵⁾[69], ⁶⁾[72], ⁷⁾[73]

ISSN: 2192-0567