Table 11 Parameters used to model BESS

Charge and discharge efficiency [\({{\varvec{\eta}}}_{{\varvec{c}}{\varvec{h}}{\varvec{a}}{\varvec{r}}{\varvec{g}}{\varvec{e}}/{\varvec{d}}{\varvec{i}}{\varvec{s}}{\varvec{c}}{\varvec{h}}{\varvec{a}}{\varvec{r}}{\varvec{g}}{\varvec{e}}}\)]

95%

[46]

[47]

Range of usable state of charge [SOC]

20–90%

[48, 49]

Maximum electricity output

33.3%

[47]

Expected lifetime

15 years

[47, 50]

Inverter nominal capacity

2.5 kW

[51]