Table 4 MANOVA results for differences in the perception of biofuels and e-fuels for the fuel preference groups (n = 125)

Biofuels

Usefulness

M = 4.11 (SD = 0.83)

M = 4.37 (SD = 0.96)

M = 3.67 (SD = 1.01)

\(\textit{F}(2,122) = 5.95, \textit{p} = 0.003, \eta _{p}^{2} = 0.09\)

Post hoc test (Tukey): significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.004)

Eco-friendliness

M = 4.03 (SD = 0.79)

M = 4.33 (SD = 0.71)

M = 3.53 (SD = 0.97)

\(\textit{F}(2,122) = 9.57, \textit{p} < 0.001, \eta _{p}^{2} = 0.14\)

Post hoc test (Games–Howell): group 3 differs significantly from group 1 (\(\textit{p} = 0.019\)) and group 2 (\(\textit{p} < 0.001\))

Cheap production

M = 2.82 (SD = 0.95)

M = 3.07 (SD = 1.17)

M = 2.74 (SD = 0.92)

\(\textit{p} = n.s.\)

Safe use

M = 3.87 (SD = 0.84)

M = 4.17 (SD = 0.87)

M = 4.05 (SD = 0.83)

\(\textit{p} = n.s.\)

Low CO₂ footprint

M = 3.55 (SD = 1.03)

M = 3.90 (SD = 0.80)

M = 3.53 (SD = 0.91)

\(\textit{p} = n.s.\)

Low competition for resources

M = 2.66 (SD = 1.17)

M = 2.67 (SD = 1.27)

M = 2.74 (SD = 1.26)

\(\textit{p} = n.s.\)

E-fuels

Usefulness

M = 3.97 (SD = 0.85)

M = 3.70 (SD = 1.15)

M = 4.16 (SD = 0.88)

\(\textit{p} = n.s.\)

Eco-friendliness

M = 3.87 (SD = 0.78)

M = 3.40 (SD = 1.07)

M = 4.02 (SD = 0.69)

\(\textit{F}(2,122) = 5.62, \textit{p} = 0.005, \eta _{p}^{2} = 0.08\)

Post hoc test (Games–Howell): significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.018)

Cheap production

M = 2.47 (SD = 0.83)

M = 2.37 (SD = 1.16)

M = 2.56 (SD = 1.09)

\(\textit{p} = n.s.\)

Safe use

M = 3.58 (SD = 0.76)

M = 3.23 (SD = 0.97)

M = 3.56 (SD = 0.98)

\(\textit{p} = n.s.\)

Low CO₂ footprint

M = 3.50 (SD = 1.08)

M = 3.53 (SD = 1.04)

M = 3.82 (SD = 0.95)

\(p = n.s.\)

Low competition for resources

M = 3.37 (SD = 1.00) M = 3.00 (SD = 1.05)

M = 3.60 (SD = 1.19)

\(p = n.s.\)