Table 2 Five categories to citizen participation

1

To inform

To provide citizens with information to assist them in understanding the problem

• Information flow is one-way

• Initiator does not provide mechanisms for citizen involvement

• No negotiation between initiator and citizens

[38, 39]

2

Consultation

To obtain feedback from citizens on the analysis, alternatives and/or decisions made by the initiators

• No formal dialogue exists between initiators and citizens

• Citizens cannot develop their ideas or participate in the development of climate plans

[38, 39]

3

Involvement

To ensure that citizens opinions, concerns and proposals are considered in the policy making process

• Initiator works directly with the citizens

• Citizens’ opinions and concerns are reflected in the development of climate action plans

[40]

4

Partnership

To develop alternatives and identify the preferred solution jointly with the citizens

• The initiator partners with citizens in the planning and decision-making of climate plans through policy boards and planning committees

[38, 39]

5

Citizen control

To give the final decision-making to the citizens

• Citizens are in full charge of policy and managerial aspects

• Citizens convey the conditions under which external stakeholders influence the final outcome

• Local government act as an enabler of community-based initiatives

[38, 39]