The role of renewable energy in the energy–growth–emission nexus in the ASEAN region

Table 1 The descriptive statistics

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev	Min	Max
LnPCCO₂	149	0.51	1.31	− 2.29	2.89
LnPCGDPR	149	7.97	1.38	5.26	10.86
LnPCGDPR²	149	65.43	22.69	27.71	118.02
LnEC	149	6.83	0.97	5.54	8.91
LnREC	149	5.07	0.84	2.00	6.16
LnPOP	149	17.66	1.16	14.93	19.43

PCCO₂: per capita CO₂ emissions; PCGDPR: per capita real GDP; PCGDPR²: the square of per capita real GDP; POP: population; REC: renewable energy consumption; EC: energy consumption. “Ln” represents the logarithm. Fossil fuels include oil, coal, and gas. Renewable energy includes nuclear, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, biomass in power and other renewable sources

ISSN: 2192-0567