The role of renewable energy in the energy–growth–emission nexus in the ASEAN region

Table 2 Correlation matrix

	ΔLnPCCO₂	ΔLnPCGDPR	ΔLnPCGDPR²	ΔLnEC	ΔLnREC	ΔLnPOP
ΔLnPCCO₂	1.00
ΔLnPCGDPR	0.36	1.00
ΔLnPCGDPR²	0.37	0.98	1.00
ΔLnEC	0.43	0.38	0.44	1.00
ΔLnREC	0.08	0.19	0.21	0.50	1.00
ΔLnPOP	− 0.05	− 0.27	− 0.22	− 0.07	− 0.29	1

PCCO₂: per capita CO₂ emissions; PCGDPR: per capita real GDP; PCGDPR²: the square of per capita real GDP; POP: population; REC: renewable energy consumption; EC: energy consumption. “Δ” denotes the variable in terms of the first differences. Fossil fuels include oil, coal, and gas. Renewable energy includes nuclear, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, biomass in power and other renewable sources

ISSN: 2192-0567