Balancing the books: unveiling the direct impact of an integrated energy system model on industries, households and government revenues

Table 2 Assumed carbon price developments

Sensitivity	ETS	year	2020	2025	2030	2035	2040	2045	2050
Low	nETS	€₂₀₂₀/t_CO2	–	38.7	96.9	140.2	174.2	200.4	220.0
Low	EU ETS	€₂₀₂₀/t_CO2	24.6	90.0	96.9	140.2	174.2	200.4	220.0
High	nETS	€₂₀₂₀/t_CO2	–	38.7	130.0	225.0	300.0	300.0	300.0
High	EU ETS	€₂₀₂₀/t_CO2	24.6	100.0	130.0	225.0	300.0	300.0	300.0

Assumption that carbon prices from EU ETS and nETS are merged in 2030. Sources: carbon price nETS: value in 2025 according to the German Fuel Emissions Trading Act. Carbon price EU ETS: value in 2020 based on [52], value in 2025 based on ETS futures of [53] accessed 14th of July 2023; sensitivity with low carbon prices real values for 2020 from [52]; sensitivity with high carbon prices from scenario [33]

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